What’s Your Beef? Hamburger giants battle it out in Australian Federal Court.

The Australian Federal Court found that Burger King’s Australian franchisee, Hungry Jack’s, engaged in misleading and deceptive conduct for the statement that its BIG JACK burger contained 25% more beef than its well-known rival. However, the court denied McDonald’s trade mark infringement claim that BIG MAC was deceptively similar to BIG JACK.[1]

BACKGROUND

McDonald’s filed a claim of trade mark infringement under s 120(1) of the Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth) against Hungry Jack’s, arguing that Hungry Jack’s had infringed its BIG MAC and MEGA MAC trade marks by using the signs BIG JACK and MEGA JACK. In addition, McDonald’s sought the removal of Hungry Jack’s BIG JACK Australian trade mark registration. Following the filing of the lawsuit, Hungry Jack’s launched a series of TV advertisements making fun of the lawsuit and claiming its BIG JACK burger was 25% larger than its well-known rival. An example is shown below:

McDonalds then added a claim that Hungry Jack’s had misrepresented to consumers that its BIG JACK burger contained 25% more beef than the BIG MAC hamburger in breach of s 18 of the Australian Consumer Law (ACL).

 TRADE MARK INFRINGEMENT CLAIM

The Australian court found that the trade marks BIG MAC and MEGA MAC were not deceptively similar to BIG JACK and MEGA JACK, respectively.

• Consumers will give less emphasis to the words “BIG” and “MEGA” because they are descriptive terms. Further, the words “BIG” and “MEGA” are laudatory and many other fast-food chains describe menu items as “BIG.”

• MAC may be perceived as a coined or abbreviated name, but JACK was clearly a common first name.

• “J” and “M” are not similar, and as such, JACK and MAC are visually and phonetically distinct, even though they rhyme.

In evidence, the Chief Marketing Officer of Hungry Jack’s stated that he

“was aware that there was an element of cheekiness in naming the product BIG JACK, due to the rhyming of “Jack” and “Mac” in BIG MAC … [and] would likely be perceived as a deliberate taunt of McDonald’s”. 

Despite this evidence, the court found that the intention was not to mislead consumers, but only to draw a comparison.

Given the court found that the marks were not deceptively similar, both McDonalds trade mark infringement claim and its request to cancel Hungry Jack’s registered trade mark for BIG JACK was denied.

MISLEADING AND DECEPTIVE CONDUCT

Although McDonalds failed in its trade mark infringement claim, it did establish that Hungry Jack’s had engaged in misleading and deceptive conduct in contravention of s 18 of the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) by claiming that its BIG JACK burger contained 25% more beef than McDonalds BIG MAC burger.

 Key in determining whether Hungry Jack’s was in breach of the ACL, was if consumers would understand the statement to be a reference to the uncooked or cooked weight of the patty. Hungry Jack’s argued that the industry standard is to weigh meat by its uncooked weight since different cooking methods will affect the final cooked weight of the meat. In fact, McDonald’s Quarter Pounder burger is a quarter of a pound of uncooked meat (its weight after cooking would be less than a quarter of a pound). Burley J disagreed. Since Hungry Jack’s used images of cooked patties in its advertising, consumers would assume that the BIG JACK was 25% more beef by its cooked weight.

On the evidence, the cooked weight of the BIG JACK beef patty was only around 12.5% - 15.3% larger than the BIG MAC.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

This case was particularly relevant to recent developments in Australian case law with the following key takeaways for the test of “deceptively similar” of trade marks:

 1.      Reputation is not relevant.

Both fast-food chains had a significant reputation in the Australian market. However, earlier this year the Australian High Court resolved in the Self Care case that reputation would not be relevant in assessing deceptive similarity.[2] This was affirmed in McD Asia Pacific LLC v Hungry Jack's Pty Ltd.

2.      Broader context should not be considered.

Hungry Jack’s argued that Self Care was authority for the position that the court should consider the presence of other marks and colours used on its restaurants in assessing whether the impugned mark is deceptively similar to the registered mark. Burley J disagreed. Relying on previous case law and distinguishing the facts from those in Self Care, the court confirmed that only the impugned sign should be considered in assessing deceptive similarity. The broader context of use should not be considered, except as to the way in which goods of the relevant kind are typically bought and sold.[3]

This clarification is not only helpful for trade mark infringement cases, but also the examination of trade mark applications in Australia. Please contact us if you would like to learn more about trade mark practice in Australia.

[1] McD Asia Pacific LLC v Hungry Jack's Pty Ltd [2023] FCA 1412 (16 November 2023)

[2] Self Care IP Holdings Pty Ltd v Allergan Australia Pty Ltd [2023] HCA 8; (2023) 408 ALR 195

[3] This same position is supported by J Jackman in Agency Group Australia Limited v H.A.S. Real Estate Pty Ltd [2023] FCA 482